However, it is still challenging to regenerate a sufficient amount of bone in the osteoporotic oral and maxillofacial regions. Our results showed that N-MBG exhibited osteogenic capability to some extent when loaded with an anti-osteoporosis drug 9. In our previous research, we transformed MBG into N-MBG by grafting an amino group onto MBG with a simple powder pressing process, and the performance of N-MBG was systematically evaluated. However, the complicated preparation methods, high cost, insufficient local concentrations, and unexpected side effects restrict the clinical application of chemical component regulation. Chemical component regulation typically involves the application of various growth factors and polymer materials. Unfortunately, the biological performance of biomaterials subjected to surface morphology alteration remains insufficient, particularly in vivo. Surface morphology alteration typically involves micro/nanostructure modification or functional molecular coatings. At present, such strategies include surface morphology alteration and chemical component regulation. Hence, biomimetic strategies have been used to construct multifunctional active biomaterials for oral and maxillofacial bone restoration 8. However, in the case of bone metabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis, MBG provides insufficient bone induction capability, resulting in far from desirable bone regeneration. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds, possessing good biocompatibility and bone conductivity, are relatively mature in clinical application 7. Additionally, the specific structure of the surface of a scaffold can be designed to have an active interfacial reaction with bone tissue. The human body can partially or wholly absorb bioactive ceramic scaffolds, giving such scaffolds an advantage over metal scaffolds. The primary tissue engineering scaffolds for bone defects are made of bioactive ceramics 6, which are inorganic solids with crystal structures obtained through the sintering of nonmetallic salts. Various techniques, such as 3D printing and laser sintering, have been developed for fabricating composite scaffolds 2, 3, 4, 5. As a result, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional bone defect treatments that can overcome these shortcomings. However, these treatments are plagued by problems such as limited donor bone volume, postoperative complications of autologous bone grafts, and the relatively significant incidence of the immune rejection of allogeneic/allogeneic grafts. Clinically, autologous bone grafts and allogeneic/allogeneic bone grafts are employed to treat bone defects 1. This study demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating trace elements into scaffolds and provided new insights into biomaterial design for facilitating bone regeneration in the treatment of osteoporosis.īone defects caused by trauma, surgical tumor resection, and infectious diseases pose a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis indicated that the Sr-incorporated amino-functional MBG scaffolds could reduce reactive oxygen species levels in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the osteoporotic model by activating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, thus playing an anti-osteoporosis role while promoting osteogenesis. The in vivo results showed that the Sr-incorporated amino-functional MBG scaffolds achieved better bone regeneration and vessel formation. Moreover, with the incorporation of Sr, osteogenic and angiogenic capacities were upregulated in vitro. The results suggested that Sr-incorporated amino-functional MBG scaffolds possessed favorable biocompatibility. In this study, we aimed to fabricate bioactive scaffolds through Sr incorporation based on our previously developed modified amino-functional mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and to systematically investigate the bioactivity of the resulting scaffold in vitro and in vivo in an osteoporotic rat model. Strontium ranelate has been applied in preventative treatment approaches due to the biological functions of the trace element strontium (Sr). The restoration of bone defects caused by osteoporosis remains a challenge for surgeons.
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